Great Age To Disect Starry Sky—- Brian Green

It was a remarkable discovery made by an eminent physicist and astronomer Edwin Hubble, who narrated a new twist in the story of ‘our universe’. Universe was thought to be in a steady and static state until this discovery which showed that the galaxies are moving apart from each other. What make this twist more interesting was that the gravity by virtue of its pull was still unable to stop the rate of expansion. Objects will and always continue to retrograde.

Big Bang was one theory which emerged as a consequence of this observation, stating that universe started from 0 and expanded to 1,2,3 and so on. By the time this count reaches infinity, these galaxies and in fact all the stars in the night sky will move away at distance where they will no longer be visible. The distances will be so large that the light from these matter will never be able to overcome these distances in order to reach us. What will the astronomer of that time period believe? Will he believe his eyes which tells him that there are no such thing as nebulae, pulsars, galaxies? Or will he believe in observations we made at our time?

The point is that we are living in an age were we are able to observe the universe. We have already witnessed supernova explosion, planet formation, star giving birth to another star. And the best time to explore our origins is now. When the night is still starry.

Why Doesn’t An Electron Fall Into The Nucleus?

Firstly in short, we need to know that an electron is a particle which is negatively charged and revolves around nucleus which is positively charged. Both of them together forms the building blocks of matter which means the atoms.

Secondly, we require some knowledge about uncertainty principle. According to uncertainty principle any microscopic particle (which includes particles like photon which makes light, electron, positron etc) does not have distinct velocity and precise position (obviously in space) simultaneously. Higher the accuracy in measurement of velocity, lower would be the accuracy in measurement in its position and vice a verse.

Now if electron falls on the nucleus its position and velocity will become fixed simultaneously (meaning we can easily measure that it is on nucleus and its velocity is zero). This contradicts the uncertainty principle (as stated above) and hence electron does not fall into the nucleus of atom.

If you think this is too easy and lame then here goes another. If electron fall on nucleus, the measurement in its position will become highly accurate. In other words, the error in measurement is will be less. If this is so, then uncertainty principle will cause large error in its velocity. When its velocity will increase (it cannot decrease as electron cannot fall further into the nucleus) the electron will gain large kinetic energy which will cause it to escape electrostatic force.

This is the simplest reason I found out. It is from the book ‘Six Easy Pieces’ by Richard Feynman (a scientist who I think is greater than Einstein himself)

When The Universe Banged: The Dark Energy (Part 3)

In my last post, I wrote about the end of our universe. I wrote about 2 different ways our universe could end in ( refer the link; When The Universe Banged: Part 1 and When The Universe Banged: Death Of Our Universe (Part 2) ).

The first way I suggested was THE BIG CRUNCH where our universe would collapse to singularity. I also mentioned about inability of gravity to contract the universe and only by reversing the time we can take our universe to the very beginning of it. By reversing the time we can reverse process of expansion into contraction.

Now there is a flaw in this approach. It contradicts the laws of thermodynamics and the law of probability (it actually violates law of probability and intern violate the law of thermodynamics. Refer this link for a clear understanding; Entropy and Universe.). But still it could be possible only if the laws of physics get altered when time reverses.

Another way in which our universe could end in is related to dark energy. Dark energy is something which is responsible for expanding our universe. (i am using something as we still are unaware of what it is. It may be an energy or something else, however we do know that it exist. Refer; Dark Energy Does Exist, Einstein Was Wrong ). It separates every galaxy out there in space and make them move away from each other.

With time dark energy will slowly move everything away, the galaxies, the stars, planets and eventually the subatomic particles themselves. This will be a slow and cold death of your universe. Either way it goes, one thing is for sure, our universe will end one day.

When The Universe Banged: Death Of Our Universe (Part 2)

After Hubble’s Law, it became an established fact that our universe started from singularity. And 13.75 billion years since the beginning, it is expanding at an accelerated rate.

Question to answer now is “How will our universe end”.

There are 2 possible ways for our universe to end itself. But there is a paradox which lies in my previous statement and the paradox is “will universe end itself ?”

One way is that the universe reaches a limit, a threshold and start contracting again into singularity. If this is what it is going to be, then we can easily say that universe undergoes cyclic events which includes a big bang followed by the big crunch (this is something which is part of Hindu philosophy. This is clearly mentioned in holy book of Bhagwat Gita).

Now there comes a twist in the tale. Universe is expanding at an accelerated rate. And there is no way it is going to collapse unless the expansion is retarded. Gravity is the only force which can cause this retardation required to crunch our universe. But gravity fails when it comes slowing things down (reason in my next post but for idea it is because of dark energy). But if gravity fails, then we are left with nothing powerful enough to crunch our universe except for one: THE TIME.

Only time has power to crunch our universe. To understand this we must know few things about arrow of time. Here is a simple representation of the arrow (there can be more complex one, but this one will be sufficient)

Arrow of time describes asymmetrical nature of time.

When we move to future we see our space expanding. Our universe reaches an  undetermined threshold, it will reverse the arrow of time in backward direction and our universe will end up again in the state of singularity.

To get more clear picture, imagine you are watching a film. As soon as the film end, you pick your remote and press the playback button. Soon, the movie frames move in reverse direction and you will reach the beginning. Similarly the universe moving in reverse direction of time is what will cause the Big Crunch. Only the god knows, who is handling the remote of this film.

When The Universe Banged: Part 1

In the ancient times, philosophers all over the world thought that space above them is vast and never changing. And like all ancient ideology, it got cremated in 1929, when Edwin Hubble found out that all the galaxies in the universe are moving away from us. According to me, it was the most important breakthrough in history of  science only after ‘The Discovery of Atoms’. This became a law known as the Hubble’s law.  Galactic matter moving away from us implied only to one thing: the universe we live in is expanding.

If the universe is expanding, then there must be a state, where all the matter and energy is concentrated at one point (this is more of a logical statement, than a fact. A balloon can only expand if it is shrunk). This was the basic idea of The Big Bang.

Characteristic Of Universe At Time Of Big Bang:

1. Big bang has no place 0f origin. It is because the space itself was created at the time of big bang. So if someone ask “where did big bang take place?”, you should answer “It took place everywhere”. It is because everything was at same place at the time of big bang.
2. At the time of big bang, universe was in lowest possible state of entropy. It was time when everything was governed by unified field theory. Read the reference link to know more detail.
3. If we measure the temperature at time of big bang, it would turn out to be 10²³  kelvin. As the universe expanded temperature dropped and universe cooled down.
4. The first force ever created was gravity. You might wonder that how could gravity be produced when the matter itself was in form of energy. The energy at that time was in form of matter wave (like electron, photon etc). So gravity was the first force that came into existence.
5. Universe’s expansion was because of dark energy which at that point of time was lowest in percentage (but enough to take everything apart). As the arrow of time moved, the percentage composition of dark energy grew. That is why universe today is expanding at an accelerated rate.

Here are 2 important reference links

1. EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE: PART 1
2. EXPANDING UNIVERSE: SPACE AND TIME (PART 2)

A Sea Within Universe: Part 2

We haven’t reach the era where we can explain the working of our universe. Until then, all we can do is to speculate about it.

I think there are two universe. The universe we live in have relative space and time. This universe is inside another universe which is absolute in all respects. The smaller one which is inside the larger one is microscopic universe, while the other is macroscopic universe. In such arrangement, all content of microscopic universe, you, me, the computer, all forms of matter or matter waves and the whole micro universe itself, are moving at light speed inside macro universe.

These two universe differ in properties. This is because of the difference in their scale.

If you look at nature, small creatures like Ants can lift load several times it’s own weight. A flee can leap hundred times it’s own height. But if we look at ourselves, we can hardly lift a thing of our own weight and I have never heard an elephant jumping even 1 inch in height. At higher level the super strength disappears.

Even if you look at something as small as atom, you will be surprised to see how the things behaves in paranormal way. An electron can exist in 2 different places at same time, defying the basic law of physics. Quantum world is most mysterious in nature.

But there is one big problem with my hypothesis. The microscopic universe in which we live in is expanding. And as it expands, there will be a stage when it’s expansion will increase its size to the macro universe. There there will be no space left for it to move at speed of light and our universe will loose its property. It will be like and ant expanding to the size of elephant and loosing its super strength.

But perhaps it is not a problem at all. If micro universe turns into macro universe, the newly acquired properties of it will cause it to shrink again, turning it into micro universe.

I know there are many flaws in this theory. But I am working on the solution to every logical problem. But for every problem solved, two more problem arise. But isn’t it how science developed?

Here are reference link for a clear understanding.

1. A Sea Within Universe : Part 1
2. Gravity and Acceleration
3. EPR Paradox
4. A History Of Relativity
5. Newton’s Bucket: Birth Of An Absolute Space
6. EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE: PART 1
7. EXPANDING UNIVERSE: SPACE AND TIME (PART 2)
8. Why People Age Faster In The Hills: Einstein Answers
9. Pyramid Of Ideas: The Physical World

A Sea Within Universe : Part 1

In my last post, I mentioned views of Newton, Mach, Leibniz and lastly Einstein on description of space and time. Till today, no one is able to describe the true shape of universe. It is because we have a limited ability to view the space. We have explored only a fraction of the giant universe (it will be so small that it will be the smallest fraction we can ever think of).

Space and time have been proved to be relative and when viewed as whole is absolute. But is universe as whole is absolute or relative? This could be a meaningless question. It is like asking the origin of universe which is meaningless because before the big bang there was no space and hence no origin.

Most scientist believe that our universe is continuous (maybe like a torus). Some think it is impossible to determine the shape. Explanation of this is very difficult for me to explain. It is like 2 hats placed on a table and if the magician put his hand inside one, it will emerge out from the other hat. Space behaves in the same way. If we try to cross the boundary on one side we will come out from another. Hence we will never be able to describe its shape. If you have played pac-man, it will be easier for you to comprehend. When the pac-man goes past the right edge it comes out to the arena from the left.

There will be more on the issue in my next post.

On The Origin Of Space And Time

Our knowledge is not more than a drop in the pacific ocean. We do not understand (or even know) some of the simplest concept like how and gravity work, how energy is transferred, why does an electron jump. All we can do at present time is to consider the unexplained as axiom or postulate.

Every event in physics can be defined in terms of space and in terms of time. Space, time concept of universe was as primitive as Greeks, Hindu or Egyptian philosophy, but the proper working (or definition) was given by Newton.

Newton: According to him both time and space were absolute. They had frame which is independent of the observer. With this principle he was able to solve he Bucket problem (for more, click point no 4, below in reference links).

Leibniz: He strongly resented the idea of absolute space and time. According to him motion always existed with a reference frame and with respect to other object. Hence space and time are relative.

Mach: He also believed that space and time are relative and that accelerated motions depend on average mass distribution

Einstein: He gave an intermediate reasoning. He said that space and time when viewed distinctly are relative. But space-time when vied as single entity is absolute.

Here are reference link for a clear understanding.

1.Gravity and Acceleration

2. EPR Paradox

3. A History Of Relativity

4. Newton’s Bucket: Birth Of An Absolute Space

5. EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE: PART 1

6. EXPANDING UNIVERSE: SPACE AND TIME (PART 2)

7. Why People Age Faster In The Hills: Einstein Answers

8. Pyramid Of Ideas: The Physical World

 

Pyramid Of Ideas : Chemical System

Pyramid Of Idea: Biological World

In my earlier post, I have mentioned the pyramid of physical system. Here is a pyramid that makes our biological world.